Body Image in the Media Essay - 1975 Words

Body image today is so drastically exaggerated in importance that people, often adolescents, go to the extremes of trying to be perfect. The media is what I believe makes body image such an important issue these days. It makes people want to change everything about themselves, their look, their choices, and their personality. The media are the ones also bringing this on to adolescents because of all the places they advertise. The adults are also people that I would blame for the cases of young children causing themselves to hurt for things they shouldnt be caring about. The indicative that shows that my findings are correct are all the cases that are reported about adolescents and their body image problems. Places that the media stress†¦show more content†¦The internet is also making people believe differently about their bodies. It has things posted all the time describing how a body should be, and with the millions of people who get on the internet everyday seeing this cau ses them to believe think differently about their bodies. One thing that these people who post blogs up dont tell you is that, the adolescents trying to act like these stars end up getting pregnant or many other things. For instance, teenage girls these days try to be like other girls on TV and this causes them to be sexually active, and with this occurring nearly 1 in 4 girls ages 14 to 19 acquire a sexually transmitted disease, as Time Magazine describes it. It also says that in African American girls its even more likely, 1 in 2 girls obtain a sexually transmitted disease. Sexually transmitted diseases are also not the only thing that adolescents obtain. The other phenomenon that occurs because of the media is that teenagers these days try to make their bodies perfect, just like the bodies of the stars on TV. There are many different ways how they can try to make their bodies perfect. As the website, MEDIA AWARENESS NETWORKS mentions it, fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercis e, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting are all considered as unhealthy methods of maintaining weight. Some of these methods are also under the name of Anorexia. Girls are mainly the ones who turnShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that the media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that the media has had on ourRead MoreMedia and Body Image1118 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has become a powerful source for changes in our society. There are so many factors and reasons for our society changing. Today I find most people obsessively worried about their body image. We all have a body and at one time or another, we worry about it. Women and men are both being affected by media sources such as television, advertising, magazines, music, and video games; not to mention the photo manipulation that goes along with it all. Questions can be asked; such as, â€Å"Is this theRead MoreMedia and Body Image729 Words   |  3 PagesEver wonder why more and more teenagers are having issues with their body image? As society grows, more and more young adults are becoming self-conscious about their bodies and how they look. Girls and boys alike are taught, though not verbally how they should look, from celebrities they see on TV to toys they used to play with and magazines they read on a daily basis. Media make being satisfied with how your body looks extremely difficult and it is getting out of hand. More and more young adultsRead MoreThe Media Of Body Image2000 Words   |  8 PagesOnce upon a time, you probably liked your body and appreciated the many things it could do, but the route to adulthood, doubts and insecurities may have crept in. The images the media exposures the society to are of thin and beautiful women and extremely muscular men. There are negative affects to what the media is showing the body image and mood states of young women and men. The mass media is designed to reach large audiences through the use of technology. From the moment nations wakes up untilRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of body image is influenced by external factors as culture, society norms, especially with the development of modern social media, it has grown up to be an important element in affecting the perception of body image to shape the body image. The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfacti on with people s body size. On theRead MoreMedia Vs. Body Image1374 Words   |  6 Pages029 October 17, 2015 Media vs. the body Image Body image remains to be a very controversial topic in today’s society, because of how easy it is to become a hate crime over a small comment on how small or big someone’s body is. Today, it is unavoidable to see the look that it seems society wants us to look. Professor Susan Bordo writes the article, â€Å"Never Just Pictures†, describing her investigation between the media and its effects on how people view their bodies. She uses ethos, logos, andRead MoreMedia Impact On Body Image1254 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of media models on children’s and adolescents’ body image? Over recent times, the media has become a prominent part in the upbringing of young people. In particular the manner by which the media portrays body image has changed in numerous ways. Body image is defined as â€Å"a person’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about his or her body† by Grogan (as cited in Zaccagni, Masotti, Donati Gualdi-Russo, 2014). There is a stronger focus of what is considered to be the perfect body type andRead MoreThe Media and Body Image Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has at least one TV, the internet, and a cell phone. You cannot drive down the street without seeing billboard signs. Checking out at the grocery store can be tricky if trying to avoid magazines. There are more forms of media available today the n ever before; consequentlyRead MoreMedia Effects On Body Image Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesSpecific age groups and mostly women have been studied regarding media effects on body image. These studies did not test the external stimuli created by peer groups that have an impact on a person’s self-idealization. This study addressed individual age groups divided by gender in order to determine how much media effects body idealization and if gender peer group opinions impact self-idealization when viewing media models. Methods The methods used in this study incorporated individuals into groupsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1484 Words   |  6 Pages Media has developed to become omnipresent in the day to day lives of the westernized societies. The media is considered a gigantic umbrella that houses a plethora of different outlets underneath it such as television, music videos, magazines, commercials, video games and social media. In this paper, the effects of media and various media types are examined to understand their potential outcomes. Focusing on how and if media affects body image in girls and women, the themes of dieting awareness

Social And Social Of Young Adults With Autism Disorders Essay

Introduction The research identified that there are very few studies that address social storiesTM for young adults with autism disorders. (Karayazi et. al, 2001, p.126) As a result of that discovery, the researcher studied the effects of using social stories with a young woman with Autism Spectrum Disorder to increase pro-social behavior: nose- cleaning and appropriate greetings. (Karayazi et. al, 2001, pg. 126) Social stories are illustrations that encourages pro-social behavior to individual with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Previous studies examined the use of social stories to increase verbal communication in ASD children; increasing pro-social and reducing disruptive behaviors in ASD children; decreasing disruptive behaviors by using multiple-baseline across participant design (Ozedmir, 2008); and, decreasing anti-social behavior in adolescents. The research hopes to find a positive correlation between social stories and increasing pro-social behavior in young adults. METHOD In the research, the participant was a 22 year-old Caucasian woman who was the first child in her family. (Karayazi et. al, 2001, p.126) Also, the young woman was diagnosed with a mild Autism Spectrum Disorder. The setting was a clinical classroom on a university campus. The classroom included three chairs, a desk, a computer and a box of tissue. The professor stayed in the room while the researchers observed from the back of the classroom. The wiping nose observations was four to eight sessions,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Theories of Vygotsky1423 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade has acknowledged the impacts of characteristics and life-functioning for individuals on the autism spectrum. Models of support or interventions strategies have been researched but little, or limited practical or resourced models appeared as accessible for families of older youth. The intention of this research paper was to investigate a specific activity group for youth on the autism spectrum. The group runs concurrently with a parent group and is funded through a respite funding provisionRead MoreAutism Research On Children With Autism910 Words   |  4 PagesWhen you hear about Autism you generally think of children; however, the children with Autism grow up. Most people with Autism are adults. Autism research from 1998 shows that adults are: underrepresented in autism research and studies into old age are extremely needed. Most of the Autism adults lack services or even diagnosis. People with Autism are prone to anxiety and depression. The young adults are vulnerable when leaving high school especially in low income families, previous gained skillsRead MoreAutistic Adults : Children With Autism931 Words   |  4 PagesAUTISTIC ADULTS When you hear about Autism you generally think of children; however, the children with Autism grow up. Most people with Autism are adults. Autism research from 1998 shows that adults are: underrepresented in autism research and studies into old age are extremely needed. Most of the Autism adults lack services or even diagnosis. People with Autism are inclined to anxiety and depression. The young adults are vulnerable to anxiety and depression when leaving high school especially inRead MoreEssay On The Movie Rain Man1315 Words   |  6 Pagesshow how in the movie Rain Man, an adult man acts with high functioning autism. How great certain skills are that make him appear as if he has supermen abilities, while also showing the need for adult supervision for other events that unfold in the movie. While sourcing several references what autism is, its characteristics and how to treat it at an early age to get the best functional outcome as an adult. Along with some of dangers that’ s face people with autism from the world around them and myRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children And Adults Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Autism AP 226 BD 12/06/2016 Elizabeth Kimbrough â€Æ' Imagine how you would feel not being able to express yourself, or not being understood by others. Think of all the struggles you may go through. This is how many children and adults that are living with Autism feel today. Autism is a serious disease that needs a cure to better the lives of children and adults. Autism is the fastest growing disability in the United States. There are many questions being asked about Autism. Is there a cure for AutismRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism Throughout Early Childhood, Education, And Later Life1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Autism throughout Early Childhood, Education, Relationships, and Later Life There are many disorders that affect how the brain works. Some of these disorders can stem from birth, while others appear later, almost at random throughout someone’s life. Autism seems to be a disorder that develops from birth, although most children are not officially diagnosed until they are about two or three years old. Why is this? One can infer that it very well may be that most children tend to beginRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1544 Words   |  7 PagesAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism857 Words   |  4 PagesOutcome-focused research shows that only 25% of people with Autism are employed. This statistic is especially concerning, when the generally high academic and creative ability of many adults with Autism is considered. This review evaluates three categories of parental factors, demographic, psychological, and behavioral, to determine what effect, if any, they may have on the work participation outcomes for adults diagnosed wi th Autism. Using studies of various methodologies and populations, only oneRead MoreServices For Adults With An Autism Spectrum Disorder978 Words   |  4 PagesI read and analyzed the following texts: 1. Services for Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder by Paul T. Shattuck, Anne M roux, Laura E Hudson, Julie Lounds Taylor, Matthew J Maenner, Jean-Francois Trani Published October 2011 2. National Autism Indicators Report by Anne M. Roux, MPH, MA; Paul T. Shattuck, PhD, MSSW; Jessica E. Rast, MPH; Julianna A. Rava, BA; Kristy A. Anderson, MSW. Published 2015. 3. Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum Face Tough Prospects for Jobs and Independent Living byRead MoreThe Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1006 Words   |  5 PagesAutism is simultaneously the most familiar and least understood disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as a developmental disorder that involves problems with social communication, social interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Like all disorders, there are biological, social, and therapeutic implications. Firstly, like many disorders there are several biological factors. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, therefore Autism affects the development

Importance, Highlights of the 20th Century English Literature Free Essays

The Importance of the 20th Century Literature The dawning of a new century marked a distinct change in the style and subjects of literature. Rural, agrarian lifestyles were fast becoming a thing of the past as industrialization made factory work the norm, and many people began to feel isolated despite living in big cities. Writers who identified as â€Å"modernists† reflected this new sense of isolation and displacement in their works. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance, Highlights of the 20th Century English Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The entire Western world was also deeply affected by the devastation of World Wars I and II, and writers responded by evaluating humanity’s seemingly boundless inhumanity. Women and minority voices became more prominent in the 1930s and beyond, further expanding the canon. The Beat Generation began in the late 1940s and writers reflected the growing trend of anti-conformist thought. By centuries end, Generation X writers were inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the decline of imperialism but were often seen as cynical and self-serving. The material, intellectual and social advancements of this century, has led to literary pieces made in the 21st century. There will no doubt be lasting effects from the twentieth century that will surely have a direct influence on the political, social and interpersonal relationships that develop from now on. The use of the label â€Å"Celtic fringe† as applied to non-English, or traditionally non-English-speaking, territories to marginalise these cultures is now analysed as a colonial attitude, and literatures of Ireland, Scotland and Wales may be studied through the methodology of postcolonialism. But a legacy of Britishness also survives around the world: a shared history of British presence and cultural influence in the Commonwealth of Nations has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature. The year 1922 marked a significant changed in the relationship between Britain and Ireland, with the setting up of the Irish Free State in the predominantly Catholic South, while the predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom. This separation also leads to questions as to what extent Irish writing prior to 1922 should be treated as a colonial literature. Nationalist movements in other parts of Britain, especially Wales and Scotland, also significantly influenced writers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world. The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artistic experimentation, and the effects of colonial expansion. The first point of global warfare is an easily identifiable and widespread one. All of the poetry we examined was centered around warfare and the effects of it on those involved. Sources: http://www. enotes. com/topics/century-literature http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/British_literature How to cite Importance, Highlights of the 20th Century English Literature, Essay examples

Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ Essay Sample free essay sample

Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ tells the narrative of Terry Malloy’s journey through moral deficiency of concern to achievements. By the terminal of the movie both Terry and the audience are able to recognize his development and moral growing. Terry Malloy is most surely non a failure. Lamb shows the audience that Terry triumphs over the misfortune community and battle that he lives in. However. without the counsel of Edie Doyle and Father Barry that Terry comes to gain his true prospective to dispute the seemingly ‘perfect’ Waterfront Crime Union. Besides with the motive from Charley’s decease pushes Terry to bravely confront Jonny Friendly and seek salvation for him and the abused stevedores. At the beginning of the movie Terry’s yesteryear is important. it plays a outstanding portion in Terry’s negative ego perceptual experience. Terry’s past plays a immense function in his journey. it is important because it affects the manner he sees himself and the journey he makes throughout the movie. We will write a custom essay sample on Elia Kazan’s ‘On the Waterfront’ Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Terry had a rough upbringing. his male parent was murdered when he was immature and Terry was brought up by his older brother Charley. The boys both lived in a boy’s place until Johnny Friendly came along and became the boy’s male parent figure. But Terry is portrayed by many as a selfish. hard headed male child for the corrupt individual that Johnny Friendly becomes. This is shown through Terry Malloy’s organic structure linguistic communication particularly in the opening scene of the movie when he receives his concluding demonstrative order from Friendly ‘You take it from here. Slugger’ the audience learns from this that Terry is on side with the opposition. he is fundamentally do it because he feels he has to. There is an component of Terry which shows he has a scruples at work. Terry’s transmutation from being a morally compromised single to hero is illustrated as he ab initio associates with Johnny Friendly’s pack who commit thuggery and extortion over the stevedores under the gloss of a brotherhood to an person who defies and breaks the chokehold of power Johnny Friendly has over the waterfront. Influenced by the decease of Joey Doyle his brother. Terry courageously and singularly exposes the waterfront corruptness at the Crime Commission hearings cognizing full good the reverberations. It is Father Barry who provides Terry with a sense of authorization. reawakening a positive ego perceptual experience and moral value. Terry confesses to Father Barry about his engagement in Joey’s decease and Father Barry so acts as a moral compass who guides Terry into the right way and promoting him into testify against Friendly and squealing to Edie Doyle about his brother’s decease. His end is to set a halt on the waterfront crim committee and free the stevedore from the corrupt universe they’re life in. These ends are which conveying Father Barry and Terry together. Terry gets advice from Father Barry and he encourages Terry to squeal to Edie. which acts as a good growing and trust in their relationship. By Terry listening to Father Barry’s words of wisdom. it’s supplying Terry’s scruples into the right way. Besides with the decease of Terry’s brother. Charley Father Barry is besides at that place to give advice and support to Terry through his battle and prevents the impulse of Terry to non kill Friendly. inquiring ‘Do you want to ache Friendly? †¦ You’ll fight him in the courtroom tomorrow with the truth. ’ This so provides a alteration in Terry when he punches Tulio. which interrupts Father Barry’s talk about KO Dugan’s decease. on the docks. In this scene ‘the crucifixion’ address in the clasp. where the work forces work. has a immense impact on Terry it shows the separation of Terry from the stevedore and which symbolises Terry’s individualism and ain journey of incorrect to compensate. and the turning affect Terry has towards Father Barry. This address has acted as Terry’s concluding motive to squeal his guilt to Edie and attest against Friendly. It is through Edie’s love. support and compassion that we see her moral impact on Terry. Edie’s mortality is infections and it is she who is responsible for promoting Terry’s interior humanity and sense of justness. Terry is the 1 that is larning more from Edie than she is larning from Terry. Edie recognises Terry’s goodness and she knows ‘he attempts to look tough. but there’s a expression in his oculus. ’ She brings out the shyness in Terry. as we see in the park where we see them at their first minutes of nervousness towards one another which is demoing at that place developing love for one another and turning relationship. When Edie and Terry are in the saloon it shows the audience that they portion doctrines such as when Edie tells Terry ‘shouldn’t everybody attention about everybody else? . ’ There love and trust for each other grows they become closer which makes Terry acknowledge his portion to Edie in the decease of Joey Doyle. Edie’s about beatific psyche helps Terry to repossess his scruples. Her restraint. modestness. and credence open up a new topographic point in Terry’s bare-knuckle bosom. Sexuality is important in her engagement with Malloy. and their attractive force grows. in portion. because they are physical antonyms: Malloy is a hefty former pugilist and she’s a polite church miss. Edie’s trueness to her brother is the driving motive for all her actions. Be it non for her staunchness. Pops Doyle would hold succeeded in directing her place. and the hoods of the pack would hold succeeded in intimidating her. To Malloy. she represents a manner out. Not happy with the few waies open to him on the waterfront. he could get down a new life. with Edie. someplace else. Malloy tests her echt religion in the good will of others when he tells her of his engagement in Joey’s decease. But at the terminal of the movie she has reclaimed her religion in humanity. and she remains about strictly good to the terminal. Charlie’s love for Terry. Friendly’s enemy. is intense in their every interaction. Whether he’s pull the leg ofing with Terry about his soft place on the docks or call on the carpeting him for his relationship with Edie. Charlie exhibits concern for Terry’s wellbeing. The bounds of the waterfront topographic point ruins Terry‘s relationship with his brother. Charley as he is despairing to make what’s best. keep his occupation. and to protect Terry. and himself. In the scene with Terry and Charley when they are in the hack. it shows that in the intense limitation infinite. that Charley one time used Terry. overmastering his pugilist calling. In this scene we see that something better happens to Terry. and he realizes who he is now and that it was Charley’s mistake every bit good as it is his ain. Terry’s transmutation is non entirely self-induced. but instead brought on by a twine of disclosures and events. including his misunderstood function in Joey Doyle’s decease. his turning consciousness of Edie’s love and his love for her. Father Barry’s pressing attention. and the slayings of Dugan and Charlie. Terry’s development throughout the movie showed the audience a immense advancement in Terry’s journey from a shy. quiet brotherhood helper to a confident adult male that puts an terminal to Friendly’s ruin which makes him a heroic figure at the terminal of the movie.

Family Is More Important Than Friends Essay Example

Family Is More Important Than Friends Essay w w w e tr . X m eP e ap UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education .c rs om * 0 3 7 8 3 7 2 9 7 3 * ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended) Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. Dictionaries are not allowed. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. 0510/22 October/November 2012 2 hours For Examiner’s Use Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6 Exercise 7 Total This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LEO/SW) 53413/4  © UCLES 2012 [Turn over 2 Exercise 1 Read the following article about the equipment you need when learning to paint, and then answer the questions on the opposite page. Starting to Paint Taking up a new hobby usually means that you have to buy some basic equipment to get started. If you have decided that you want to learn how to paint, then you will need to know a little bit about what you have to buy and how to choose what you need. Choosing the Paint Learning to paint is similar to learning a new language: both require practice and patience. First, you have to choose which paint you are going to use. Acrylic paints are good to start with as they are quick-drying. Acrylic paints are excellent for achieving smooth, plain colours and are quite easy to use on their own without the need to mix them. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Is More Important Than Friends specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Family Is More Important Than Friends specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Family Is More Important Than Friends specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If you do want to mix the paints, however, there can be problems. By the time the mixture is made, the paint may be too dry to be used. Oil paint, on the other hand, provides a deeper colour, but is much more difficult to use. It takes a long time to dry, simply because the paint is oil-based rather than water-based. You should also remember that each colour has a different drying rate. Mixing the paint You need an easy-to-clean surface on which to mix the paint and you will find a wide variety of mixing surfaces available. These are called palettes. It’s best to mix paint with a palette knife, as it is specially designed for this purpose. It is not a good idea to mix paint with brushes because they absorb some of it and you will not have enough paint left to work with. Brushes There are four main shapes of brush to choose from. ‘Rounds’ have bristles which come to a point so that you can create precise lines. ‘Flats’ are good for applying areas of colour and for creating straight edges. ‘Filberts’ are tongue-shaped and allow you to create broad or narrow marks that can be curved. Finally, ‘Brights’ are short and useful for applying short strokes of thick colour. Painting surfaces Deciding what surface you want to paint on is important. At the beginning it is probably best to start with paper because it is cheap and easy to prepare. It’s best to buy blocks of paper that have been specially prepared so that the paper doesn’t change shape when wet and then cause the paint to crack. When you are more confident you can begin to consider painting on other surfaces such as canvas and wood.  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 3 (a) How is learning to paint like learning a new language? .. 1] For Examiner’s Use (b) What problem can occur if you want to mix acrylic paints? .. [1] (c) In which ways is oil paint different from acrylic paint? Give two details. .. .. 1] (d) Why are you advised not to use a brush to mix paint? .. [1] (e) Which type of brush would you use if you wanted to paint accurate lines? .. [1] (f) Why are you recommended to start by painting on paper? Give two details. .. .. .. [1] (g) What can happen if paper is not properly prepared for painting? .. [1] (h) What other surfaces can painters use as they become more used to painting? .. 1] [Total: 8]  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 4 Exercise 2 Read the following article about television, and then answer the questions on the opposite page. Television Television viewing continues to grow around the world, even though the internet is now widely used for entertainment. This may be because the number of ways of watching television has increased. High definition technology, digital television, the use of digital video recorders and now 3D technology all contribute to enjoyable viewing experiences. Research reveals that a typical person views almost 200 minutes of television a day. The chart below shows what the situation is in a variety of regions around the world. Average Daily TV Viewing 300 250 200 Time (in minutes) 150 100 50 0 North Middle America East Europe Latin AsiaAmerica Pacific Africa Region We know that many people watch a lot of television so it is important to ask what effect this may have on children. Research suggests that having the TV on may have a bad effect on young children’s language development by reducing the amount of conversation between child and adult. It was found that when the TV was audible, the number of words spoken by either adult or child reduced considerably. Surprisingly, even children who watched programmes that were described as educational and specifically aimed at them learnt fewer new words than children who did not watch the programmes. Unless further research shows that children under two years old might benefit from TV, parents should encourage language activities through imaginative play. While there is some evidence that a little TV viewing may be beneficial for the over twos, the evidence for those younger is less certain. It is argued that first words are learnt far more effectively from real people than from voices on the television. In the USA there is a formal recommendation that children under two years old should not be exposed to TV or computer screens, and a growing body of evidence is now causing governments and health authorities around the world to consider issuing similar guidelines. However, parents could choose to limit viewing to an hour a day for their three- to fiveyear-olds. Childhood is a critical period for brain development and the formation of behaviour patterns. Parents have a responsibility to ensure that the right conditions exist for these developments. It is very helpful if parents can teach their children how to use their leisure time more effectively. They can introduce their children to sports, music or other hobbies. An expert in child behaviour said, â€Å"Children can easily be influenced by the programmes they watch and this can result in a wide variety of psychological problems. Often parents do not know what their children are watching on television, and it may be that they are being exposed to programmes which are unsuitable. Research also shows that television viewing leads to a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the consumption of sugary drinks and unhealthy snacks. In particular, children should not have televisions in their bedrooms as this encourages them to be inactive. Researchers had expected that by the age of seven the influence of early television viewing on children would have disappeared. However, th ey were shocked to find that the early experience of television viewing continued to have long-term harmful effects on school performance and on health. UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 5 (a) How have new technologies affected television viewing around the world? .. [1] (b) According to the chart, in which two regions do people watch between 200 and 250 minutes of television a day? .. [1] (c) How does watching television affect children’s language development? . [1] (d) What unexpected effect did educational programmes have on young children’s development? .. [1] (e) What guidelines are the governments of some countries considering issuing? .. . [2] (f) Why is it important for parents to know which television programmes their children are watching? .. [1] (g) How is television viewing bad for physical health? Give two details. .. . [2] (h) What did researchers find particularly shocking as a result of their work? .. [1] (i) What can parents do to prevent their children from w atching too much television? Give four details. .. . .. .. [4] [Total: 14]  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 For Examiner’s Use [Turn over 6 Exercise 3 Christophe Lautrec lives at 34 Place Victor Hugo, in Vannes, a town in France. He enjoys many sports, particularly skiing, but he has never tried surfing. He has friends who are expert surfers and they are always encouraging him to learn how to surf. They believe that he would be good at it because his skiing experience suggests he has a good sense of balance. Recently, his best friend, Marc Benoit, called Christophe on his mobile, 0676448250, and told him that Jacques Depoint, Gerard Monet and himself were all planning to go on a surfing holiday that they had read about in a leaflet at college. They wanted to know if he would like to go along as well. Christophe asked his parents, Vincent and Marie Lautrec, if they would allow him to go away with his friends. They were happy for him to go as he had recently had his eighteenth birthday and had done very well in his exams. They felt that he deserved a reward. His father even said that he would pay the 500 Euros which was the cost of the holiday and which included all meals. He gave Christophe his credit card number 82713001 so that he could arrange the payment for all of the group. His friends would then repay his father in cash. Christophe’s friends were delighted when they heard that he could go. They immediately asked him to be the group leader and sort out all the arrangements, because he is good at that sort of thing. Christophe booked with the company his friends had already identified. It was called, ‘Les Surfers’. Vincent insisted that Christophe should have the full course of beginner’s lessons with ‘Les Surfers’ before he actually went surfing with his friends. Surfing can be dangerous and he did not want his son to try it without being well prepared. His mother also insisted that Christophe made the company aware of the fact that he had recently had an operation on his arm following a skiing accident. She was quite worried about his arm and hoped that it would be strong enough to take the strain of surfing. Christophe was very confident that he was fit enough to do everything, but he was a little concerned about Gerard, who had quite a serious allergy to nuts and could become very ill if he ate something that contained nuts and did not get immediate medical attention. Finally, all the arrangements were made, and the group chose to fly from Paris on flight AF 369, which would land at Heathrow in England at 3pm. They would then have to get a train which would arrive at the surfing resort of Newquay at 8pm. The travelling would not be easy and so they decided not to take their own equipment but to hire it from the company. Jacques had done this before when he went surfing in California, and he said that it was very convenient. Imagine you are Christophe. Fill in the form on the opposite page, using the information above.  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 7 For Examiner’s Use ‘Les Surfers’ Group Booking Form Section A: Personal details Name of group leader: .. Name(s) of other member(s) of group: . Group leader’s address: Group leader’s telephone contact: .. Group leader’s age: Section B: Holiday details Flight reference: (please tick) AF 139 arrival time 8pm AF 369 arrival time 3pm AF 319 arrival time 4pm Which package is required? (please tick) accommodation only half board (bed and breakfast) full board (bed and all meals) How many beginner’s courses are required? Method of payment: (please circle) cash cheque credit card If paying by credit card please give number: . Do you wish to hire surfing equipment? YES/NO (please delete) How did you find out about our company? .. Section C In the space below, write one sentence of between 12 and 20 words, giving details of any medical conditions that you and other members of your group may have. [Total: 8]  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 8 Exercise 4 Read the following article about a photographer who takes pictures of the oldest living things in the world, and then complete the notes on the opposite page. Photographing the Extraordinary It all began with a trip to Japan. Sara Evans, a photographer from New York, had gone there to take pictures of different landscapes. During her visit, people kept telling her to go and see an amazing cedar tree, which was said to be thousands of years old. Sara was so fascinated by her trip to see this ancient tree that she started a project to photograph the oldest living things in the world. Sara only photographs living things which are at least 2,000 years old and have lived continuously for the whole of that period. So far, she has photographed more than 20 life forms. Some of these look alien, as if from another planet. However, they are here on Earth, and many have existed since mankind took the first steps. Sara has travelled widely to find subjects to photograph. In the high Andes she photographed the 3,000-year-old Ilareta plant, which is an extraordinary relative of parsley and grows on smooth, round boulders. The shrub is a dense mass of thousands of branches, each ending in a bud with tiny green leaves. The shrub is so solid you can stand on top of it. On a road trip in Namibia, she managed to find a 2,000-year-old Welwitschia plant. This plant grows only two leaves, which then get shredded in sandstorms. Having overcome her fear of water, Sara took her camera under water in the Caribbean, and there she took pictures of 2,000-year-old coral; she said that the sheer size of it took her breath away. In a Science Institute in Copenhagen, Sara found a 500,000-year-old bacterium that had been gathered from the Siberian permafrost. The project is expected to take two more years to complete. In that time Sara plans to photograph 5,000-year-old moss in Antarctica, a 10,000-year-old shrub in Tasmania and a 23,000-year-old fig tree in Sri Lanka. Sara hopes to have visited every continent on earth by the time she finishes the project. She always works closely with biologists, and often visits scientists when they are doing research in their place of work. Sara is constantly worried about how to finance her travels but she uses a website which collects donations from anyone interested in supporting such projects. Sara is keen to explain that her project is not just about beautiful pictures. She is also very concerned about the destruction of the environment and says that all of the living things that she has photographed, which have survived for unimaginable amounts of time, are now in danger. â€Å"The Siberian bacteria are half a million years old and live in the permafrost. If the permafrost isn’t permanent, then the oldest living things on the planet will die. Maybe my photographs will encourage people to think about looking after our planet. †  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 9 Your school photography club has asked you to give a talk about Sara’s project. Prepare some notes to use as the basis of your talk. Make your notes under each heading. For Examiner’s Use Common features of the living things that Sara photographs †¢ †¢ . . Places Sara has visited and what she found in each place †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Japan, cedar tree . . The concerns that Sara has †¢ †¢ †¢ . . [Total: 8]  © UCLES 2012 0510/22/O/N/12 [Turn over 10 Exercise 5 Read the following article about children who do not go to school but who are educated at home. On the opposite page, write a summary about the advantages of home education. Your summary should be about 100 words long (and no more than 120 words). You should use your own words as far as possible. You will receive up to 6 marks for the content of your summary, and up to 4 marks for the style and accuracy of your language. Home Education When people think about the education of children, they usually think about schools. However, for a considerable number of children around the world education does not mean going to school, it means being taught at home in the family. It is legal to home educate in many countries, although in Germany, Greece, Hong Kong and Brazil it is illegal. Parents who choose to home educate argue that many people have forgotten that, for young children at least, home education was the preferred option for anyone who could afford it up to quite recently. They argue that children learn better in the comfort of their own homes. They are also free to interact with their parents and other adults in a way that allows them to explore areas that interest them, at their own pace. Supporters of home education say that children are not restricted by the subject matter of a narrow curriculum or by the content of school books. This has the effect of making them enjoy the process of learning. Yet the range of subjects taught, other people argue, may depend on the sometimes limited knowledge of one parent. Another problem may be that children learn only one point of view on any topic. Home educators believe that school creates an artificial and highly stressful social situation that young children in particular find difficult to deal with. Home educated children are free from stress and appear to get on better with  © UCLES 2012 their brothers and sisters, creating a more peaceful and harmonious home atmosphere. However, there may be a reduction in children’s contact with their peers and they may lose the ability to make friends of their own age. It is also claimed by believers in this system that the children find it easier to socialise with adults because they are not part of the formal culture that characterises school life. This has long-term advantages because it means that if children encounter problems they are not forced to seek advice solely from people as young as themselves. They can turn to older family members for a more mature perspective on the problems they are facing. Travelling to and from school is tiring and timeconsuming. Children educated at school often arrive home exhausted with little energy left to complete their homework and no time to relax. Home educated children do not need to waste their time on travel and are free to use their time and energy more productively. Not everyone agrees with all of the advantages that are claimed by home educators and many actively oppose it as a system. One very serious area of concern is the fact that it is difficult to check on the progress of children who are home educated. There have been examples of unsuccessful home education where children have not been learning effectively. Education authorities have been unaware of these cases and therefore unable to help the children concerned. No doubt the debate about whether it is better to home educate or send children to school will continue for many years to come. 0510/22/O/N/12 11 For Examiner’s Use .. ..

Grapes of Wrath Quotes

Grapes of Wrath Quotes The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by Nobel-Prize winning author John Steinbeck that is considered a classic piece of American literature. Published in 1939, the plot centers around the Joads, a family of sharecroppers, who journey to California seeking a new life as they attempt to escape the devasting effects of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl and The Great Depression. Selected Quotes from The Grapes of Wrath Houses were shut tight, and cloth wedged around doors and windows, but the dust came in so thinly that it could not be seen in the air, and it settled like pollen on the chairs and tables, on the dishes. Before I knowed it, I was sayin out loud, The hell with it! There aint no sin and there aint no virtue. Theres just stuff people do. Its all part of the same thing.... I says, Whats this call, this sperit? An I says, Its love. I love people so much Im fit to bust, sometimes.... I figgered, Why do we got to hang it on God or Jesus? Maybe, I figgered, maybe its all men an all women we love; maybe thats the Holy Sperit-the human sperit-the whole shebang. Maybe all men got one big soul everbodys a part of. Now I sat there thinkin it, an all of a sudden- I knew it. I knew it so deep down that it was true, and I still know it. They breathe profits; they eat the interest on money. If they dont get it, they die the way you die without air, without side-meat. The bank is something more than men, I tell you. Its the monster. Men made it, but they cant control it. I got thinkin how we was holy when we was one thing, an mankin was holy when it was one thing. An it ony got unholy when one misable little fella got the bit in his teeth an run off his own way, kickin an draggin an fightin. Fella like that bust the holi-ness. But when theyre all workin together, not one fella for another fella, but one fella kind of harnessed to the whole shebang- thats right, thats holy. It aint that big. The whole United States aint that big. It aint that big. It aint big enough. There aint room enough for you an me, for your kind an my kind, for rich and poor together all in one country, for thieves and honest men. For hunger and fat. Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments. Fear the time when the strikes stop while the great owners live- for every little beaten strike is proof that the step is being taken... fear the time when Manself will not suffer and die for a concept, for this one quality is the foundation of Manself, and this one quality is man, distinctive in the universe. Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good- not mine, but ours. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things- it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people were driven, intimidated, hurt by both. We must think about this. Okie use ta mean you was from Oklahoma. Now it means youre a dirty son-of-a-bitch. Okie means youre scum. Dont mean nothing itself, its the way they say it. I know this... a man got to do what he got to do. Theys a time of change, an when that comes, dyin is a piece of all dyin, and bearin is a piece of all bearin, an bearin an dyin is two pieces of the same thing. An then things aint so lonely anymore. An then a hurt dont hurt so bad. And the great owners, who must lose their land in an upheaval, the great owners with access to history, with eyes to read history and to know the great fact: when property accumulates in too few hands it is taken away. And that companion fact: when a majority of the people are hungry and cold they will take by force what they need. And the little screaming fact that sounds through all history: repression works only to strengthen and knit the repressed. How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? You cant scare him- he has known a fear beyond every other. Were Joads. We dont look up to nobody. Grampas grampa, he fit in the Revolution. We was farm people till the debt. And then- them people. They done somepin to us. Ever time they come seemed like they was a-whippin me- all of us. An in Needles, that police. He done somepin to me, made me feel mean. Made me feel ashamed. An now I aint ashamed. These folks is our folks- is our folks. An that manager, he come an set an drank coffee, an he says, Mrs. Joad this, an Mrs. Joad that- an How you getting on, Mrs. Joad? She stopped and sighed. Why, I feel like people again. The migrant people, scuttling for work, scrabbling to live, looked always for pleasure, dug for pleasure, manufactured pleasure, and they were hungry for amusement. In the souls of the people, the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage. Says one time he went out in the wilderness to find his own soul, an he foun he didnt have no soul that was hisn. Says he foun he jus got a little piece of a great big soul. Says a wilderness aint no good, cause his little piece of a soul wasnt no good less it was with the rest, an was whole. Whenever theys a fight so hungry people can eat, Ill be there. Whenever theys a cop beatin up a guy, Ill be there... Ill be in the way guys yell when theyre mad an Ill be in the way kids laugh when theyre hungry an they know suppers ready. An when our folks eat the stuff they raise an live in the houses they build- why, Ill be there.

Why did the Continental Congress select George Washington of Virginia Research Paper

Why did the Continental Congress select George Washington of Virginia to command its army Assess Washingtons service as commander of the Continental forces - Research Paper Example He was designated as the General and Commander in Chief of the United Colonies (Schwartz 20). It is apparent that several factors must have influenced the Continental congress decision in selecting George Washington to be the Commander of the continental forces. He was a Southerner and delegates believed he was the best man who could unite all the colonies (Martin 25). George Washington was also wealthy; hence the delegates of the Continental congress believed that Washington could not be influenced by corruption in his duties. George Washington was also courageous and fearless and a determined competent leader. He was going to head a military which was under civilian rule of the new congress. Washington understood fully all his functions as a military leaders since he choose strategies, operations and tactics which led to victory (Martin 32). In March 1776, he carried out his first tactical attack by occupying the Dorchester Heights after planting artillery which brought down Fort Ticonderoga. This move forced British to evacuate from Boston. Washington courage made him cross to Delaware on a cold and stormy night where he attacked Hessian garrison of Trenton, New Jersey and captured more than 900 prisoners. Tactically he avoided British forces traps from a large force which was deployed in Trenton. His success and withdrawal to Princeton compelled the British forces to eastern New Jersey. He continued attaining victories by mastering his battlefield strategies. He held the army together and avoided any discontentment amongst his Continental forces (Schwartz 28). He confronted General Howe’s forces in Philadelphia but was defeated but did not give up hence he decided to relocate to York. His tactical capabilities made him decide to send his well trained forces to the North in order to counter any threat of invasion from Canada by British force which was under General Burgoyne. He prevented the attempts of General Howe to rescue General

Total SA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Total SA - Essay Example The investors generate dividends from their investments. Investors receive dividends based on the prior year’s net income performance. With higher net income, the investors will automatically receive higher dividends (Warren, 2009). Further, the investors can also generate gains from the selling of their TOTAL SA investments (Crosson, 2011). If the investors are able to sell their investments at a bid price that is higher than the investors’ cost of investing in the TOTAL SA stocks, the investors generate gains. When economic depression or unfavorable economic constraints crop up, the investors may be persuaded to sell their investments in TOTAL SA investments at prices at an amount that is lower than the investment price. When this occurs, the investors generate stock exchange losses (DuBrin, 2009). TOTAL SA Company’s structure in relation the organisation’s goals, aims and objectives. The TOTAL SA organisation structure fittingly enhances the accomplishm ent of organizational s goal, aims and objectives (Daft, 2011). With more investors, the amount of investment is higher. The investors’ money plus TOTAL SA Company’s use of long term loans increase the amount of assets. The TOTAL SA Company maximizes the total assets to generate revenues (Weetman, 2006). Further, the stockholders’ investments and loans ensure accomplishment of the company’s goal, aims and objectives (Ferrrell, 2010). The company is able to establish oil and natural gas exploration development contracts in different strategic locations around the world. The cash inflows from loans and stockholders’ investments are successfully used to refine petrochemicals. The same finance amounts are used to manufacture the chemical product needs of the TOTAL SA Company’s current and future customers (Nutt, 2010). Specifically, the TOTAL SA Company specicalises in selling elastomer-based products (Total, 2012). The company also sells adhesi ve products. Another major product of TOTAL SA Company is classified as electroplating items. The bulk of the company’s profitable products falls under the petroleum market segment. The investments are used to foster company’s trading and shipping of petroleum chemical finished goods (products). Moreover, the investments and loan amounts are used to sell the finished goods (Baumol, 2009). The raw petroleum extracts are processed into finished goods. The TOTAL SA Company finished goods include the top selling Liquefied Petroleum Gas products. Another finished product is home heating gas. A third finished product is asphalt petroleum products. The fourth finished good type, asphalt, is used in the paving of the highways and smaller roads. The fifth finished good classification, lubricants, is a very popular lubricating product group (Total, 2012). Further, the investments and loans are used to generate a big share of the global energy market segment. The funds are used t o realize generating an increase of 2.5 percent production output every year (Total, 2012). The funds are used to maximize the company’s scarce asset resources. The scarce resources are used to expand the oil production facilities (Fabozzi, 2011). The company continues to set up new oil production facilities in new oil fields. The investments and loans are used to quickly set into motion cost reduction activities. With cost reduction, the

The European Union and Employment Relations Essay

The European Union and Employment Relations - Essay Example But negotiation of course does not mean the theoretical perspective alone. It requires practical grounds of the policies which shows clear practise of anti discrimination employment policies. Here the EU lacks behind, when it comes to practise the policies. (Amsterdam Treaty, 2007a) The gender equality report no doubt shows that gender employment issues are almost resolved but the gender pay gap has remained. Despite enhancing article 12 of the Amsterdam Treaty which clearly states that no discrimination would be allowed neither on the basis of gender nor on the grounds of nationality between men and women, women's social position in the labour market is relatively weaker than that of men. (Amsterdam Treaty, 2007a) Women lack behind men in exercising bargain power with employers to negotiate for higher wages. Similarly women lack better access to training, and promotions to supervisory positions. No matter to what extent gender inequality has negotiated with EU policies, it is evident that the Amsterdam Treaty has taken only small steps to help forward the construction of European citizenship. Indeed, it still fails to guarantee a basic common standard of fundamental social rights to EU citizens. The social rights recognized in the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers, which figure in the Treaty only as not legally binding principles, do not allow for a metamorphosis of economic citizenship into the full social citizenship of the European democratic tradition. Transnational corporations while understanding the discriminatory issue have given significant attention to the women's role in influencing women's economic status. Either in the form of supranational policies or global policies (Desai & Naples, 2002, p. 220), they have realised the way women have contributed in the employment in export-processing zones but then again this realisation has not proved the women worth marginalisation. Therefore the result is nothing but low-paying, dead-end jobs followed with poor working conditions. The new innovations in the Equal Treatment Directive 2000 have outlawed indirect discrimination, discrimination on the basis of sex, ethnicity and race. (Hoskyns, 1996) On the one hand, EU has equipped feminists who possess international relations within the boundaries of EU. With a framework of sex equality laws women have been able to extract reforms from national governments. Beneficial mostly for white women who are subjected to strong employment positions with secure and stable jobs, EU policies have benefited middle class women, but what about those vulnerable groups who are considered as minor or even non existent. What about those black and migrant women who are dependant upon receiving male violence not only at their homes but also at their work places in the form of sexual harassment What about those accidents and injuries in the factories, in which use of toxic chemicals are common, that burn workers and still not take the responsibility for their health problems and illn esses The widespread sexual harassment in the Member States and the role of the EU institutions in devising strategies for dealing with it provides an excellent opportunity to explore some of these issues demonstrates the importance of networking across national

Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect

Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect photothermal and photoacoustic Photothermam science encompasses a wide range of techniques and phenomena based upon the conversion of absorbed optical energy into heat. Optical energy is absorbed and eventually converted into thermal energy by an enormous number of material –solids, liquids, and gases. In fact, the optical energy is absorbed, the excited states in atoms or molecules lose their excition energy by a series of non- radiative transitions that result in a general heating in the material. The underlying principles of the photoacoustic effect have been studied for more then a century. it was named photocoustic because the photothermal heating effect was detected by an indirect acoustic method in 1880. Alexander Grshsm Bell (cited in Favier J.P.1997) had discovered the early concept of the photoacoustic effect when he tried to explain the operation of his photophone. He had done a lot of experiments on photoacoustic effect with solids, gases and liquids, where modulated light was used to illuminate the sample. through the experiments, Bell discovered that when a periodically interrupted beam of sunlight shines on a solid in an enclosed cell, an audible sound could be heard by means of hearing tube attached to the cell. the photoacoustic effect discovered by Bell was regarded as a part of the family of photothermal phenomena encompassing many effect produced by the heat generated in a sample due to the absorption of electromagnetic energy. In 1881,both Tyndah and Withem Roentgen (cited in Favier J.P. 1997) confirmed Bells experiment on gases. they found that an acoustic signal could also be produced when a gas in an enclosed cell is illuminated with modulation light. But due to the limitation of hearing tubes as detectors in the early experiment, progress in the field of photoacoustic died down. therefore, the photoacoustic technique had lay dormant for almost 50 years, until the advent of a microphone 50 years later the photoacoustic effect with gases was reexamined. then it had become a well-established technique for gas analysis. photons in the photoacoustic cell absorbed by the gas was converted into kinetic energy of the gas molecules, thus it gives rise to pressure fluctuations within the cell. All the discoveries in the photoacoustic effect originate from 1938 was entirely limited to gases only. the phoyoacoustic effect on solid matter did not occur until the early of 1970. it is almost 90 years after Bells discovery, since 1973, photoacoustic effect has strongly reemerged on the solid sample. ti has revived with the development of a very useful technique spectroscopic investigation of solid material. The photoacoustic effect in condensed matter may be detected by microphone absorption of modulated light by a solid sample produce a modulated heating of the sample surface. This heating cause pressure waves to be created in a gas in contact with the sample, producing an acoustic signal in the gas, which may be detected by a microphone. the sample, coupling gas, and the microphone are enclosed in a gas light photoacoustic cell. the cell acoustically isolates the microphone from external noise and contains a window enabling the modulated light to illuminate the sample (Almond and Patel 1996) Bells first experiment on a condensed matter sample, revealed the fact that the loudest signal were produced by sample with the darkest colours. a few other experiments were performed in the years following, however condensed matter photoacoustic died out until the 1970 Parker (1073) carried out the experiment about to measure the phootoacoustic effect in solid when he tried to carry out the experiment on the photoacoustic effect in gases. in his experiment, he worked on gas phase photoacoustic, attributed an anomalously large PA signal to absorption of light by the windows of his cell. Three years later, Rosencwing and Gersho (1976) derived the one-dimensional theory for a photoacoustic effect from asolid material, which has become known as the R-G theory and which has basis for the most other theories on microphone photoacoustic detection from a solid sample. in his hypothesis, the primary source of the photoacoustic signal result from a periodic heat flow from the solid to the surrounding gas. these can be explained when the beam of light falls onto sample, the heat produced by the light absorbed in the sample will diffuse from the sample to the gas through the sample –gas interface. by modulating the light beam, we are actually causes the expansions of the gas layer which near to the sample and this will finally create a sound wave. The R-G theory has been shown to be agood model by subsequent experiment work. Therefore, it led to direct expansions in photoacoustic research in 1970. The publication of the R-G theory, stimulated work in photoacoutic and number of papers have been written on the subject, describing various light sources, sample, cells, modulation technique and frequencies, detection methods and signal processing apparatus. This theory will be discussed in detail in the next chapter The photothermal and photoacoustic research was investigated since 1970 due to three major factors. i) Devlopment of intense light sources, such as laser and high pressure  arc lamps,such as xenon arc lamps. ii) Development of sensitive detection equipment, such as condenser and electret microphones and piezoelectric detectors iii) Development of more sensitive signal processing equipment such as filters and sensitive lock -in amplifiers. The improvement in the above three areas enabled the photoacoustic effect to be studied and hence higher sensitivity photoacoustic spectroscopy could be performed. Schemes of Photoacoustic Detection. All photothermal system employ a modulated source of electromagnetic radiation usually a light source, to generate modulated heating in a sample medium. the system rely on the absorption by the medium of electromagnetic energy and its subsequent conversion into thermal energy. this heating result in a number of physical changes in  and around the sample, figure 1.1 is schematic illustration of the phenomena resulting from the exposure of sample surface to a localized periodically modulated light source. in addition to a change in the temperature of the sample, it is also produced infrared, acoustic waves, surface expansion, thermoelastic waves, surface reflectivity modulation and refractive index gradient in the medium in contact with the heated surface. all of these effects could be used to probe the photothermal response of an enormous number of materials –solids, liquids, and gases. the thermal wave detection method were classified in to acoustic and thermal detection techniques. acoustic detection technique employ either a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in air or a piezoelectric transducer for the detection of thermoelastic waves in solid media. thermal detection method includes the use of thermocoupe or pyroelectric transducers (photopyroelectric detection, PPE)to detect waves directly. (Murphy et al. 1992) Incident Refractive index gradient Infrared emission Surface Reflectivity modulation Acoustic waves Surface expansion thermal thermoelastic waves waves sample figure 1.1 photothremal effect caused by illumination of a surface by a modulated beam of light (Almond and Patel 1997) 1.3 Objective of the present study. CHAPTER 2 THEORY 2.1 Introduction. In this chapter, will discuss the theory of photoacoustic effect in the condensed matter.the formulation of Rosencwaing -Gersho (R-G)theory from the acoustic detection technique employ a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in air are described. According to R-G model,when heat is created by means of non radiative transition with a boundary layer of the gas in the cell. Since the light is chopped, the photoacoustic signal is generated due to an acoustic pressure disturbance at the sample -gas interface transferred from the gas medium to the microphone. 2.2 Rosencwaing -Gersho Theory The Rosencwaing -Gersho theory, known as R-G theory, is an one -dimensional analysis of the production of a photoacoustic (PA) signal in a simple cylindrical cell resulting from the absorbed light energy. The model is schematically shown in figure 2.1 from the figure, the photoacoustic cell has a diameter D and length L . It is assumed that the length L is small compare to the wavelength of the acoustic waves and the microphone detecte the average pressure produced in the cell. In the present case, they also assumed that the light is not absorbed by the gas and backing material. The sample has thickness and diameter D. The sample is mounted so that its front surface is expose to the gas (air)within the cell and back surface is against a backing material of thickness . the length. . Of the gas volume is given by. = When a sinusoidally chopped monochromatic high passing through are window of the cell and incident upon the solid sample, the intensity I at the depth x is given by

I Think Im Pretty Sure I Remember What You Did Last Summer :: English Literature Essays

I Think I'm Pretty Sure I Remember What You Did Last Summer After we ran over that old lady in Diego’s car, well things haven’t been the same. I still have nightmares of her chasing me with that handbag. I told them to go to the police but Diego didn’t want to be put up for manslaughter. I can’t get the image out of my mind. I knew we shouldn’t have dumped her body in the Port River. If Luke weren’t so pissed that night he wouldn’t have distracted Diego. Ben’s not the same anymore, he keeps on having these mental fits. I feel sorry for his parents, I mean the old lady even killed Michael for gods sake! Alastair’s been acting really weird too. Every time he sees an old lady he goes absolutely crazy. Anyway a good thing happened the other day, it was a far cry from all those murders that old bitch committed, she should be dead I mean I shot her in the head five times before pushing her in front of that semi-trailer. Anyway, the good thing is a radio station rang up and said that I’d won a trip to Kangaroo Island and that I could take five mates along. So let me see†¦I took Alastair, Ben, Diego, Luke and Jason. We all went in Diego’s car. Alastair sat up front, Ben, Luke and I were in the back and we tied Jason to the roof racks with the entire luggage and Adam wanted to come so he ran behind us. We deliberately took the long way. When we arrived it was fantastic, I reckon it was a five star shack. Adam died of a heart attack when we got there so we burnt his body and pissed on his ashes, you know†¦to make sure he didn’t come back to life and kill us all. Anyway we met the bloke who owned the shack, his name was Bill Oldladison and he was a pretty nice guy. He let us borrow his fishing gear and all. That night Luke decided to raise the alcohol level in his blood so he reached into his bag of booze and sucked on a bottle of Jim Beam. Alastair got hungry and asked Diego to go to the local pizza bar and get two party size pizza’s but Diego didn’t want to go because he was waiting for some soccer show about Boca Juniors to start on SBS so he gave the keys to Luke.

Movie Review

There were rules to be followed, and a person should not act differently from others. But in the end, everything changed when Sam and Suez finally decided to run away and lives on their own. After the upbringing, the whole community started to find the love, between Sam and Suez, harmful. It caused the disruption within the stagnant plot of the story, in a way that they were different from what was usually considered correct by the norm. This disruption elevated the twists and turns of the events within the movie.Also because of this, the members of the community started to suffer, and started to find a solution on how to solve this disruption within the community. From living normal, he members of the community started to form this consciousness to each other that resulted to their own involvement in the love between Sam and Suez. However, this did not mean that the community itself as a whole started to form a unity instantly; it was only a step-by-step process that eventually led to the involvement and solidarity of the characters.The community as a whole created the status of each of the characters. It Implemented rules and regulations; from what Is right, to what Is wrong. These biases made by the society led to the corruption of each character that resulted in heir fixed role in the community. For example, the Khaki Scout Trainer was a Math Teacher but because of the community where he was in, he was forced to become a Trainer. Generally, by these biases made by the Community, the members within it started to view everything as normal, and began to be unconscious to others. In the division of the community.This showed that the bias led by the community as a whole produced a bias to an individual, and caused dissever of its member. When the community started to act, due to the subject of love between Sam and Suez, each character started to be involved. From Cam's side of the story, his foster parents started to ignore their own responsibilities to him, unl ike the Khaki Scout Trainer and the Island Police Officer, who were treating him as a family. And from Guy's side of the story, her parents started to pay attention to her maturity due to her issues of rampaging, and being introvert from the rest of her schoolmates.These transformations made by each character showed the manifestation of the romantic convolutions of the two young characters. But as a whole community, this love between the two at first was not accepted because of their age. In the end, due to the early maturity of the young lovers little-by-little the community started to acknowledge their love, thus showed the transformation of the community from being stagnant to a community whose members were involved and united.In addition, the involvement of each character to the love between Sam and Suez, made the portrayal of each scene focused from the island's community to each individual that involved themselves within the issue. The portrayal of each scene from the start of the movie was all about the community and the island itself. It focused on the stagnant community that deals tit their own problems. The people in New Penance had been following the rules and biases done by the community itself.It showed that the portrayal of the scene is on a slide manner that depicted one scene then shift to the other. It also described New Penance by showing the place, and by using a Journalist to give information. The way the Journalist's report, at the start of the movie, is on a fixed manner. The journalist gave information, but the way his report portrayed was that his background was fixed and instantaneously shifting from one idea to the other.This showed that the movie at the start was in a state of stationary ideas that had been made by the community that had been adapted by its members. After the upbringing of the love between Sam and Suez, there was a sudden changed in how the scene had been portrayed. First, it focused more on the two- young lovers. Th e portrayal of each scene about the lovers transformed the scene from being stationary to being alive. There was a beginning of a conversation and showing of each other's actions. Second, it also focused on the involvement of each character.By the time the upbringing happened; the community started to act, and by this action, the scene portrayal started to show the strengths and weaknesses of each character in the story. Lastly, it also dealt with the recovery of the way how it was presented at the start. At the end of the movie, on how the scene that had been being portrayed was the same on how the scene had been portrayed at the beginning. This showed that even though there was a transformation within the community as a whole, the depicting of the scene started and ended with the same portrayal.

Top 5 Jobs for Great Work-Life Balance

Top 5 Jobs for Great Work-Life Balance ever wondered how some people make it work? how you could manage to maintain a satisfying career, pay the bills, but still have time to travel or have a family life? sometimes it’s best to think outside of the box a bit and look to a few jobs you might not expect would fit the bill. forbes recently featured 25 jobs that could give you the best of both worlds, and still pay enough to keep you where you want to be. here are our top 5.1. web designerhave an eye for good design? a mind for technology? a self-managing style? consider a career in web design. a bit of training and talent can net you an average of $53k per year with tons of flexibility. you could work from anywhere!2. software developerthis ones is another step in the web direction, if you’re good at that sort of thing. software developers usually have flexible hours and locations, and can make up to $80k per year.3. client managerprefer the structure of working for a company, rather than on your own? still wan t a bit more flexibility? client managing can win you over $71k per year and will still leave you time to make lunches for your kids.4. substitute teacherhave teaching skills, but don’t want to be tied down to a full scholastic year? have a bit of money saved to work on starting your own business? or just don’t need to pull in all that much? substitute teaching can be a great way to keep yourself working- as much or as little as you want- without long-term commitment, and can earn you almost $25k a year.5. social media managerthis gig let’s you be involved in a company without having to stay late and come early to keep it running; you act as  that company’s mouthpiece instead! social media managing can be a low-stress, often enjoyable way to go to work every day. and at an average of $40k a year, the salary isn’t half bad either.see more here:  best 25 jobs for work life balance

Hosea the prophet essays

Hosea the prophet essays During Hoseas time, there was political, economical, social and religious strife in the country of Israel. Hosea lived in the tragic final days of the northern kingdom of Israel. During this time there were six kings within twenty-five years; four were murdered, one was captured in battle and only one was succeeded on the throne by his son. The nation was rife with economic abuses that separated the rich and the poor. Israel was so impressed with material advances that it failed to take account the eternal verities of the Covenant upon which Israels existence was predicated. Judgment, righteousness, brotherhood, and even God were forgotten in the light of diplomatic expediencies (Laymans 8-9). There was a war with Judah and heavy tribute to Assdyria depleted economic resources. The richer class intensified and along the way they exploited peasants to pay for their debts (New, 200). People were resorting to fraud and cheating. The religion of Israel was rooted in the strong he ritage of the Canaanite religion. Yahweh was the primary God but there were also other Gods being worshipped, such as Veneration of the Canaanite deities El, Baal, and perhaps even the goddess Asherah (New 201). The womans bible Commentary pointed out the thought that Gomer may have been a cultic prostitute associated with one of the religions being practice during the time of Hosea. These conditions are very similar to the ones we are experiencing in our own day. We face economic problems and just in the past ten or so years there has been a dramatic increase in the gap between rich and poor. The rich are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. There is a focus on one religion here in the Untied Sates of America, that being Christianity. It is also common to hear of someone who worships another God or is another religion. I think that in any society there is the group that is the majority and ther...

Questions in law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Questions in law - Essay Example The magistrate courts are the basic legal structure in the courts hierarchy. Magistrate courts handle immediate cases such as crime and low valued civil cases. County courts are next in line after the magistrate courts and they handle complicated cases. Cases that cannot be handled in county courts are referred to the crown courts. The High Court deals with criminal cases that cannot be handled at lower courts. The court of appeal handles appeals for cases passed by the High Court or other lower courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the English legal system and it handles cases that involve the state (Best, 2007, p. 132). Ratio decidendi is a Latin term applied in courts to imply the basis of a decision. These are principles used by judges to make decisions in a court ruling. In addition, ratio decidendi create a binding precedent. Such precedent binds inferior courts to decision-making principle applied in a superior court. On the other hand, Obiter dicta is a Latin word meaning â€Å"other things said†. Obiter dicta provide principles for decision making in a law court. Unlike ratio decidendi, obiter dicta does not have a binding precedent. Overruling involves declaring pervious case ruling incorrect and terminating their application in current courts case. However, overruling does not have an effect on the previous court decisions. On the other hand, revising involves revisiting a previous court decisions. Revising takes place at the court of appeal and it can overturn a court ruling. Distinguishing is the process whereby a court analyzes the facts and principles of a binding precedent to establish their applicability in a current case. Distinguishing is applied to avoid mistakes and inconveniences committed at earlier rulings. Under section 2(a) of the contract Act 1950, an offer indicates the willingness of a person or a party to do or abstain from doing something. On the other hand, an invitation involves making a proposal for an

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit that is responsible for the production and marketing of its video games consoles including the Sony PlayStation. The history of the PlayStation began in 1988 when Sony and Nintendo worked together on a product called the Super Disc. However, Sony and Nintendo parted company and the Super Disc was never launched by Nintendo. In 1991, Sony modified the Super Disk as part of its development of the first Sony PlayStation. Sony launched the long awaited PlayStation 3 in the USA in 2006 just two days before the launch of the Wii from Nintendo. These two new consoles proved to be immensely popular and most retail shops sold out of both within days. Soon afterwards both of the consoles appeared for resale in large numbers on the auction website eBay. The asking prices for some of these resale consoles were up to five times the original retail price. Microsoft's Xbox 360 console had a one-year lead in the market and enjoyed buoyant sales as a result. Nintendo's Wii positioned itself away from its main two competitors through the deployment of its ground-breaking motion-sensing controller (Cheng J, Mark Freeman-Aloiau M, Xin Guo, Pullen A. 2007) In 2In 2009, the PlayStation 3, helped by a $100 price cut, has outsold Nintendo's Wii console for the first time. Sales of the PlayStation 3 more than doubled to 491,800, while those of the Wii fell 33% to 462,800 (Satariano, A. 2009). The PlayStation 3 is expected to give a further boost to Sony's earnings in time for Christmas this year when the latest version of the blockbuster role-playing game for the PlayStation, 'Final Fantasy', is launched in December (iStockAnalyst, 2009). 2.0 Marketing Strategy 2.1 Positioning Strategy Sony uses the newest and greatest technology to appeal to their customers. The people who are most interested in staying up-to-date with the newest technology are usually men of the ages 15-30. To reach that market, they make games that are attractive to men of those ages; these games tend to be the shooters and high action games such as Kill Zone and God of War. However, they do make games for younger children; these games have a more adventure based game play such as Jak and Daxter and Crash Bandicoot. Beyond gaming, Sony also hopes to reach movie buffs with their high-definition movie playback thanks to Blu-ray technology. Blu-ray offers the latest advancement in movie entertainment experience. The detail of these movies is so good that you can literally see individual pores on people's faces. As you might expect, this means detail on everything is very high and movie buffs love this. 2.2 Product Strategy The PS3 offers the most advanced visuals and audio of any other game console and most computers. Hardcore gamers want their games to be more visually pleasing, and that is exactly what Sony has given them. They have changed very little about control setup except they have added some motion sensitivity (after they saw Nintendo unveil this feature in the Wii); this means that people who have played PS1 and/or PS2 won't have to learn how to hold and use the controller all over again. Also, there are a lot of classic games available for download via the Playstation Network (for a